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Dissertation
Statistical and geostatistical valuation of diamond deposits
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ISBN: 9056820613 Year: 1996 Publisher: Heverlee Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. Faculteit der Toegepaste Wetenschappen. Departement Burgerlijke Bouwkunde

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Book
Space and place, mirrors of social and cultural identities ? : studies in historical geography
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ISBN: 9080063622 9789080063624 Year: 1996 Volume: 35 Publisher: Heverlee Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. Geografisch Instituut Université Catholique de Louvain. Institut de Géographie


Dissertation
Biodiversity and structure of invertebrate communities of temporary pools along a hydroperiod gradient
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ISBN: 9789086492251 Year: 2009 Publisher: Leuven Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. Faculteit der Wetenschappen

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De bescherming van relatief kleine watersystemen zoals meertjes, vijvers en tijdelijke poelen is belangrijk om de integriteit en biodiversiteit van het veranderende Europese landschap te verzekeren. Deze habitatten onderhouden niet alleen de regionale biodiversiteit, maar doordat zijn instaan voor het bufferen van overstromingen en het verbeteren van de waterkwaliteit, kunnen ze ook van nut zijn voor de maatschappij. Enkel op basis van ecologische studies die peilen naar de werking van deze ecosystemen en de factoren die hun levensgemeenschappen structureren, kunnen efficiënte beheersmaatregelen voor deze waardevolle habitatten worden geformuleerd. Onze studie was voornamelijk gericht op ecologische processen die het voorkomen van ongewervelde sleuteltaxa verklaren in ruimte en tijd in een set van pristiene tijdelijke poelen in Kiskunság (Hongarije). We voerden een intensieve veldsurvey uit van de grote branchiopoden tijdens de lente van 2005 en 2006, en dit in een totaal van 82 poelen behorende tot vijf verschillende habitattypes (weidepoelen, kleiputten, karrensporen en poelen in akkers en boomgaarden). We bestudeerden lokale en ruimtelijke factoren die het voorkomen van de meest algemene soorten verklaarden. Om processen te bestuderen die de watervlooiengemeenschappen structureren, concentreerden we ons op een subset van 18 weidepoelen en kleiputten. Deze poelen, gesitueerd in drie poelclusters en met een variabele duur van de vullingfase (hydroperiode), werden opeenvolgend bemonsterd in de lente van 2005. Omwille van lage neerslaghoeveelheden tijdens de lente en voorgaande winter en relatief hoge lentetemperaturen in 2007, waren slechts vier poelen gevuld en konden bijgevolg worden bemonsterd. Bijkomend werd de dormante branchiopodengemeenschap (rusteierenbank) verzameld en in het laboratorium tot ontluiking gebracht om de soortenrijkdom verder in te schatten en ontluikingsvereisten van soorten te bestuderen. De hoge regionale soortenrijkdom en frequentie van voorkomen van grote branchiopoden, een taxon waarvan de bescherming internationaal als een hoge prioriteit wordt erkend, onderschrijven de natuurwaarde van de tijdelijke zoetwaterpoelen in Kiskunság. Onze studiepoelen behoorden verder tot de meest soortenrijke tijdelijke zoetwaterhabitatten met betrekking tot Cladocera in vergelijking met een totaal van 36 studies die wereldwijd werden uitgevoerd. We definieerden Kiskunság daarom als een “hot spot” zowel van kleine als grote branchiopoden en benadrukten het belang van hun bescherming. De hoge regionale branchiopodendiversiteit kwam tot stand door de hoge habitatdiversiteit. Variatie in de soortensamenstelling van de grote-branchiopodengemeenschappen was gerelateerd aan verschillen in lokale habitatkarakteristieken zoals grootte, helderheid en de graad van bedekking door vegetatie. Het significante effect van lokale habitatkarakteristieken vormde bovendien een aanwijzing voor ‘species sorting’ als een belangrijk structurerend mechanisme van de metagemeenschappen van grote branchiopoden in onze studiepoelen. De mate waarin de ruimtelijke verspreiding van soorten het resultaat is van dispersielimitatie of ongekende omgevingsgradiënten blijft voorlopig onduidelijk. Een vergelijkende literatuurstudie gaf aan dat de hoge regionale soortenrijkdom aan watervlooien gerelateerd was aan de hoge graad van variatie in habitatgrootte en inundatieduur. De tijdelijke studiepoelen en hun levensgemeenschappen vertoonden variatie in de tijd. Tijdens het groeiseizoen nam de conductiviteit van het water toe en observeerden we groei van waterplanten en algen, die resulteerden in een hogere troebelheid. Naarmate de habitatkwaliteit veranderde, werden de watervlooiengemeenschappen gedomineerd door kleine soorten en/of soorten die doorgaans geassocieerd zijn met waterplanten. We vermoeden dat de aanwezigheid van relatief grote zooplanktontaxa zoals Daphnia en anostraken enkel vroeg in de successie, evenals hun kleine proportie in de branchiopodengemeenschappen van weidepoelen en kleiputten, in het algemeen te wijten was aan grootte-selectieve predatie. De hoge regionale soortenrijkdom aan watervlooien in Kiskunság in vergelijking met diverse studies wereldwijd werd gedeeltelijk ook toegewezen aan de relatief lange hydroperiode van de poelen. Zelfs in poelen die voor een vrij korte periode gevuld waren, was voor verscheidene soorten watervlooien immers voldoende tijd beschikbaar om hun levenscyclus te vervolledigen en was hun kolonisatiesucces daardoor niet beperkt. In poelen die vroeger opdroogden, kwamen tijdens een volledige vullingfase echter gemiddeld minder soorten voor omdat de seizoenale opeenvolging en vervanging van soorten eerder werd onderbroken. Naast intraseizoenale variatie, bestudeerden we ook de interseizoenale variatie in de samenstelling van de watervlooiengemeenschap. Tijdens een droog jaar (2007) waren minder soorten watervlooien aanwezig in de poelen en slechts kleine populaties in vergelijking met het voorgaande natte jaar (2005). Indien de huidige trends van verminderde neerslag en toenemende droogte zich voortzetten in de toekomst, valt te verwachten dat poelen in Kiskunság op termijn gemiddeld kleiner zullen worden en voor kortere periodes gevuld zullen blijven. Hoewel tijdelijke-poelbewoners variatie in hun omgeving relatief goed kunnen tolereren, zijn ze mogelijk niet in staat om zich op lange termijn snel genoeg aan zulke veranderingen aan te passen. Niet alleen de verarming van de gemeenschappen in de kleinere poelvolumes tijdens het droge jaar, maar ook de onderbreking van seizoenale successie in poelen die eerder opdrogen, geeft aan dat de soortenrijkdom aan watervlooien negatief zou worden beïnvloed door zulke hydrologische veranderingen. Gezien watervlooien een belangrijke schakel zijn in de voedselketen van deze ecosystemen, kunnen wijzigingen in hun gemeenschappen nefaste gevolgen hebben voor de diversiteit op verschillende trofische niveaus en de ecologische waarde van deze ecosystemen. Aan de hand van gecontroleerde laboratoriumexperimenten observeerden we een soortspecifieke ontluikingsrespons van watervlooien op gecombineerde temperatuur- en fotoperiodebehandelingen waarbij maximale ontluikingsfracties voorkwamen onder condities die overeenkwamen met het moment in het seizoen waarop soorten in het veld ook een maximale abundantie vertoonden. Zulke respons wijst mogelijk op een mechanisme van temporele habitatselectie dat soorten in staat zou stellen om populaties op te starten voornamelijk wanneer ze verwacht worden een hoge relatieve fitness te hebben. Doorgaans wordt aangenomen dat ontluiking enkel bijdraagt tot het opstarten van actieve zoöplanktonpopulaties in het begin van het groeiseizoen. De respons die wij observeerden zou echter kunnen resulteren in een belangrijkere bijdrage van ontluiking tot seizoenale patronen in de actieve gemeenschappen. Tenslotte evalueerden we de efficiëntie van de identificatie van organismen ontloken uit rusteieren voor het inschatten van de lokale diversiteit aan watervlooien in onze studiepoelen. We maakten bovendien gebruik van resultaten uit het eerste hoofdstuk waarbij deze methode werd gebruikt om de soortenlijst van grote branchiopoden aan te vullen. In eerdere studies in permanente meren bleek deze methode efficiënt. Onze resultaten, in combinatie met eerdere studies in tijdelijke wetlands, gaven echter aan dat de methode niet even efficiënt is in alle types tijdelijke aquatische systemen. Vooral in ondiepe tijdelijk poelen vormt rusteierenbankanalyse een minder betrouwbare methode voor het inschatten van de lokale soortenrijkdom, terwijl in diepere tijdelijke systemen de methode betere resultaten gaf. Op basis van onze bevindingen formuleerden we enkele nuttige richtlijnen voor een duurzaam beheer van tijdelijke zoetwaterhabitatten. Om in de eerste plaats de lokale soortenrijkdom aan branchiopoden op een betrouwbare manier in te schatten zijn actieve stalen te verkiezen boven de identificatie van organismen ontloken uit ruststadia. Actieve stalen dienen verder bij voorkeur genomen te worden tijdens momenten gespreid in de tijd, zoals een vroege, midden en late vullingfase. Teneinde een hoge regionale diversiteit aan watervlooien en grote branchiopoden te bewaren, is een hoge habitatdiversiteit aangewezen, vooral met betrekking tot habitatgrootte, helderheid en bedekking met vegetatie. Verscheidene andere groepen aquatische organismen zijn waarschijnlijk ook gebaat bij zulke maatregel. Modderpoelen en karrensporen waren een voornaam habitat voor grote branchiopoden. Dergelijke habitatten die weinig aantrekkelijk lijken voor de mens en daardoor vaak verwaarloosd worden, dienen daarom bewaard te blijven in het landschap. The protection of relatively small freshwater wetlands such as ponds and temporary pools could play a major role in ensuring the integrity and biodiversity of the changing European landscape. Not only do these habitats support a high regional biodiversity, but through the functions they perform in the landscape (e.g. flood control and water quality improvement), they are of great value to human society. Ecological studies are needed to contribute to a better understanding of their functioning and the factors structuring their inhabiting communities. Based on such studies, effective management and conservation strategies can be formulated for these valuable habitats. Our study especially focused on ecological processes that structure keystone invertebrate communities – large branchiopods and cladocerans - through space and time in a set of pristine temporary pools in Kiskunság (Hungary). We conducted an intensive monitoring of large branchiopods in a total of 82 pools belonging to five distinct habitat types (meadow pools, clay pits, pools in arable land, orchard pools and wheel tracks) during the spring of 2005 and 2006. We studied local and spatial factors explaining the distribution of the most common species. To study processes structuring Cladocera communities, we focused on a subset of 18 meadow pools and clay pits, located in three pool clusters and with a variable duration of inundation. They were subsequently monitored during the spring of 2005. Due to low winter and spring precipitation and relatively high spring temperatures in 2007, only four pools contained water and could be sampled. Additionally, the dormant communities were collected and their species richness and hatching dynamics were characterized in the laboratory. The high regional species richness and occurrence frequency of large branchiopods, a taxon that is internationally recognized as in need of protection, underline the considerable nature value of the temporary freshwater pools in Kiskunság. Our study pools were furthermore amongst the most species rich temporary freshwater habitats with respect to Cladocera when compared to a total of 36 studies carried out worldwide. We defined Kiskunság as a “hot spot” of both small and large branchiopod diversity and as such stressed the need for their protection. High habitat diversity contributed to the high regional diversity both of small and large branchiopods. Variation in the species composition of large branchiopod assemblages was related to differences in local habitat characteristics such as size, transparency and vegetation cover. The significant effect of local habitat characteristics was furthermore indicative of species sorting mechanisms structuring the large branchiopod metacommunities in our study pools. The extent to which the spatial structure in species distribution was linked to dispersal limitation or hidden environmental gradients remains unknown. A comparative literature study indicated that the high level of regional cladoceran species richness was related to the high degree of variation in habitat size and duration. The temporary study pools were highly variable through time. Throughout the growing season, conductivity increased and we observed vegetation and algae growth in the pools, which gradually became more turbid. As habitat quality changed with time, cladoceran communities became dominated by small and/or plant-associated species. We argued that the presence of large-bodied zooplankton species such as Daphnia and anostracans exclusively early in succession, as well as their overall small contribution to the branchiopod communities in meadow pools and clay pits, was due to size-selective invertebrate predation. The high regional cladoceran species richness of Kiskunság when compared to various studies worldwide was partly also attributed to the relatively long hydroperiod of our study pools. Even in the most short-lived meadow pools and clay pits, constraints on development time were relaxed and colonization by cladocerans was not limited. However, in pools that dried earlier, seasonal succession was truncated and the cumulative local species pool was significantly reduced when compared to pools that were inundated longer. In addition to intraseasonal variation, we also assessed interseasonal variation in cladoceran community composition. In May 2007, which was a dry year, cladoceran communities were impoverished and the pools supported only small populations when compared to the previous wet year (end of April 2005). If the currently ongoing trends of decreasing total annual and winter precipitation and increasing frequency of droughts in Hungary are going to continue in the future, hydrological conditions of the Kiskunság pools are expected to be altered, eventually resulting in smaller pools with on average shorter and more variable hydroperiods. Although temporary pool species naturally have a relatively high tolerance to environmental variation, they might not be able to adapt fast enough to such changes. Not only the impoverishment of communities in the small pool volumes during the dry year, but also the truncation of seasonal community development in early drying pools suggests that species richness of cladoceran communities could be adversely affected by such predicted hydrological changes. Given the importance of cladocerans in the food web of temporary waters, alterations in their communities may ultimately interfere with the diversity at different trophic levels and the ecological quality of these ecosystems. Through controlled laboratory experiments, we detected a species-specific hatching response of cladocerans to combined temperature and photoperiod cues with maximal hatching fractions corresponding to the seasonal timing of maximal abundance in the field. Such response is suggestive of temporal habitat selection and could allow species to initiate populations mainly when their relative fitness is expected to be high. Moreover, the observed hatching behavior may result in a more important contribution of hatching to active community patterns than merely the initiation of active populations at the onset of the growing season, as is generally assumed. Finally, we assessed the efficiency of the identification of hatchlings retrieved after incubation of the dormant egg banks for cladoceran species richness assessment in our study pools. We also made use of results obtained in the first chapter where this method was used to complete the large branchiopod species list from active community samplings. In previous studies in permanent lakes, this method proved efficient. Our results, however, in combination with some previous studies carried out in temporary wetlands, suggested that the method might not be equally effective in all types of temporary aquatic systems. Especially in shallow temporary pools, the identification of hatchlings retrieved from the sediment might not allow a reliable estimation of the local species pool, in contrast to the deeper temporary water bodies where it is more likely to be effective. Based on our results, we formulated some implications for conservation that should apply to various temporary pool ecosystems worldwide. In order to reliably estimate local species diversity, biodiversity monitoring schemes in shallow temporary systems should make use of active community samplings rather than dormant egg analysis. Additionally, active samples should preferably be collected at moments spread in time, such as during an early, middle and late inundation stage of pools. To maintain


Dissertation
Groundwater and geochemical modelling of the unconfined Brussels aquifer, Belgium
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ISBN: 9789086493098 Year: 2010 Publisher: Leuven Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

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Dissertation
Computerized qualitative and quantitative clay mineralogy : introduction and application to known geological cases
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ISBN: 9789086494149 Year: 2011 Publisher: Leuven Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

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Dissertation
La roca mágica : zeolite occurrence and genesis in the Late Cretaceous Cayo arc of Coastal Ecuador
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ISBN: 9789086493746 Year: 2010 Publisher: Leuven Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

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Dissertation
Mineral resources for ceramic production in the territory of Sagalassos : a geochemical, mineralogical and petrographical study
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ISBN: 9789086494989 Year: 2012 Publisher: Leuven Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

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Dissertation
A 'true' Roman glass evidence for primary production in Italy
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ISSN: 02507803 ISBN: 9789086496105 Year: 2013 Volume: 39 Publisher: Leuven Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

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Dissertation
Multi-scale aquifer characterization : from outcrop analogue, direct-push and borehole investigations towards improved groundwater flow models
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ISSN: 02507803 ISBN: 9789086496723 Year: 2013 Volume: 42 Publisher: Leuven Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

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Groundwater flow and solute transport modelling are affected by different kinds of uncertainty including spatial variability in aquifer properties such as hydraulic conductivity (K). This spatial variability is often present at different scales, and consequently, effective K values are very much scale-dependent. While regional-scale models often use effective K values obtained by inverse modelling, the small-scale variability has to be accounted for as well, as it has been shown that even submeter-scale heterogeneity can have important consequences on solute transport in aquifers. To support decision making related to environmental impact assessment for waste disposal sites or sites contaminated by point sources, appropriate subsurface characterization and modelling tools are thus required for accounting for subsurface heterogeneity, possibly observed at multiple spatial scales. These tools can further be used to quantify the uncertainty associated with groundwater flow and solute transport, to underpin strategies for long-term groundwater quality monitoring at disposal or contaminated sites, or for developing groundwater remediation schemes.In this work, a methodology is developed for efficient multi-scale subsurface characterization and integration of the gathered data in a stochastic regional groundwater flow and solute transport modelling approach. Different kinds of aquifer characterization technologies have to be combined to cover the centimetre- to the kilometre-scale, and to make optimal use of common or easily gathered secondary data. Additionally, for accounting for secondary data, the development of a set of tools for data calibration and interpretation is required. This is achieved by using different kinds of measurements from outcrop analogues, borehole and direct-push investigations, and by using innovative methods and techniques to obtain a sound framework for integrating all data.The case study that we use throughout the thesis is an area of ~60 km² in Mol/Dessel, Belgium, of which the subsurface consists of a succession of dipping lithostratigraphical units with varying degrees of heterogeneity, all part of the Neogene aquifer. We make use of different previous hydrogeological studies that were performed in the framework of the ONDRAF/NIRAS radioactive waste disposal programmes, and perform additional site characterization.The assessment of outcrops as analogues for the subsurface sediments shows that very useful quantitative and qualitative information can be retrieved from outcrops, but a systematic bias seems to exist between surface and subsurface data (lower K for the latter). The relative differences however seem to be valid, as is the amount of spatial heterogeneity. For including small-scale heterogeneity in the developed large-scale transport model, we make use of dispersivities estimated from the outcrop characterization.The three types of secondary K data used in this work are air permeability, grain size and cone penetration test data. For each of these we use a data-driven modelling approach to obtain estimates of K. The complexity of these approaches ranges from a simple linear model to the combination of artificial neural networks with general likelihood estimation. Each time, the site-specific estimates prove to be superior to existing models from literature.The conditioning of a regional groundwater flow model on borehole and geotechnical and hydraulic direct push data improves the model performance considerably. We use a data-driven approach for the hydrostratigraphy, by invoking a non-stationary multivariate geostatistical framework for conditioning the model. A combination of different McMC algorithms is used to estimate the uncertainty of the flow field, for the quantification of uncertainty on the corresponding solute transport. The combined algorithm is tested both in McMC sampling and optimization mode. The latter is clearly more efficient for CPU-intensive models, but only provides an approximation of the posterior.Solute transport simulations in the framework of surface disposal of radioactive waste, based on the obtained flow solutions, suggest that the reference model that considers homogeneous lithostratigraphical units produces conservative results in terms of maximum concentrations within the solute plume. For more detailed results, transport simulations using another advection solution scheme and finer numerical discretization are however recommended


Dissertation
Geochemical soil survey as a proxy for ancient human activity at Sagalassos (SW-Turkey)
Authors: ---
ISSN: 02507803 ISBN: 9789086497430 Year: 2014 Publisher: Leuven Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

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Ancient human activities such as metal smelting, food consumption and refuse dumping have resulted in the addition of a wide range of organic and inorganic materials to soils at occupation areas, thereby altering their geochemical composition. These additions can be detected up to the present day, and hence provide a tool to address archaeological questions. While geochemical soil studies have frequently been applied on exposed floor layers at archaeological sites, they have rarely been considered within the research domain of archaeological prospection, where they could serve as a means for providing information on the buried archaeological record. This thesis assesses the potential of this approach on several sites in the Roman to Byzantine city of Sagalassos (SW-Turkey), which offers an excellent test location because of its extended archaeological history, varying physical landscape and well-developed scientific framework. As several studies have recommended the integration of different survey methods in order to obtain a more objective understanding of the history of buried sites, special emphasis is put on the use of a multi-analytical approach.Three main research aims were put forward in this thesis. We evaluated how the chemical composition of soils on unexcavated sites at Sagalassos was altered by ancient human activities (1). Also, we studied to which extent soil geochemical data are useful in providing information on the former functionality of (zones within) archaeological sites at Sagalassos (2). Finally, we examined the potential of integrating soil geochemical survey with other survey techniques (3). To answer these research questions, we performed geochemical surveys on four study areas, each with a different historical and geological context. The first site subjected to a soil survey was Catal Oluk, which is an isolated rural site, seemingly not directly influenced by pollution inputs from the city. Next, samples were taken at the Eastern Suburbium, an area situated in the east of the ancient city of Sagalassos. This area has witnessed a variety of intense human activities over a long period of time. Thirdly, a survey was performed in a large area west of the Colonnaded Street. Finally, samples were collected at Gökpinar, an area rich in bloated ceramic slag and with an unknown functionality at the time of geochemical soil survey.From a methodological point of view, we combined soil multi-element chemistry (ICP-OES analyses after Aqua Regia destructions) with the analysis of additional parameters, such as pH, organic matter, Pb-isotopes and mineralogy. Also, emphasis was put on developing a suitable statistical approach, which included boxplots, correlation analysis, principal component analysis, Wards clustering, contiguity constrained clustering and parallel coordinate plots. These techniques were applied to compare chemical data with local background values, study chemical associations, define (spatial) groups and identify inter-group chemical differences. To study the potential of integrating chemical survey with other techniques, chemical data were combined with results from magnetic- and archaeological surveys in the study areas.For the site of Catal Oluk, the results revealed anomalies of K, P and Zn on a location where archaeological and geophysical data suggested the presence of ceramic producing kilns. These enrichments are thought to result from burning wood as fuel for the detected kilns; In addition, local anomalies of Co, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn and Ni were found to reflect the working and storage of ophiolitic clays, which were employed as a raw material for ceramic production. Changes in Al, As, Ba, Ca, Na, Pb, Sr and Ti-content were attributed to the combined contribution of limestone and volcanic tuff fragments.In a first sampling grid constructed in the Eastern Suburbium, an area with ancient human enrichments of Cu, P, Zn and K was detected. This area was distinguished from natural patterns created by limestone and volcanic tuff (Al, Pb, Ba, As, Sr) and ophiolitic bedrock material (Co, Cr, Ni, Mg, Fe, Mn and V), but no specific interpretations regarding ancient functionality could be made. In a second, more detailed grid, a more detailed research question was put forward, i.e. offering an explanation for an area in which the magnetometry image was difficult to interpret. It was demonstrated that a zone characterised by high frequency magnetic anomalies and a low variogram-range was associated with chemical anomalies of Cu, K, P, Zn and potentially also Pb. This contributed to the interpretation of this zone as an area of magnetic disturbance created by occupational debris. Next, a zone with a low magnetic signal and low sill-values could be interpreted as a region where limestone bedrock is located close to the soil surface, based on the association with a cluster high in Al, Ba, As and Pb. Finally, two zones of enhanced magnetization and high range- and sill values were shown to spatially overlap with two clusters of soils containing elevated levels of Co, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni and Ti, V and Fe respectively. By combining these chemical data with magnetic susceptibilities and X-ray diffraction patterns, it is shown that these two zones were the result of the presence of two partly different types of ophiolitic material near the surface.The grid west of the Colonnaded Street aimed to evaluate the characteristics and spatial extent of an ancient pollution signal in the surroundings of this street. Cu, P, Pb and Zn were shown to be enriched around the Colonnaded Street. While enrichments of Zn and Cu were weak or limited to a few samples, P and Pb were strongly anomalous, reaching values respectively 2 and 3 times higher than maximum background concentrations. The spatial extent of the pollution signal was different for P and Pb, with Pb reaching background values at 150 m away from the street, while P was at background levels at 450 m away from the street. Two explanations were put forward to explain this difference. The first assumes that all anthropogenic P and Pb stem from activities in and aroundthe ancient citycentre and the Colonnaded Street, and that surface runoff processes transported P to larger distances when compared to Pb due to differences in partitioning of P and Pb between the solid-liquid phases in the soil. The second option assumes that the high P concentrations in a zone west of the monumental centre are the result of direct P input in the soil, as the area functioned as a residential quarter in ancient times. This scenario hence suggests that the activities in the monumental centre and the western residential quarter were different in such a way that only those in the monumental centre resulted in Pb input in the soil. A link with metallurgical activities around the city centre can be put forward to explain this difference, although contributions by other activities cannot be excluded.The research in the Gökpinar area aimed to provide better insights in the functionality of this site. However, no enrichments of potentially anthropogenic elements were found. Observed chemical patterns in the sampling grid were ascribed to geological variations within the Gökpinar area, with ophiolitic bedrock material outcropping in the south and limestone rocks outcropping in the north of the grid. This conclusion is consistent with the results of a recent survey campaign, suggesting that the Gökpinar area mainly functioned as an access road towards the Eastern Suburbium.The potential of Pb-isotopes to distinguish between polluted and unpolluted soil samples at Sagalassos was evaluated in a separate chapter. It was concluded that soils strongly polluted due to ancient human activities may sow a limited shift in their Pb-isotopic composition. However, the isotopic data did not provide new information on potential ancient pollution sources in the study areas, and their applicability as tracers of ancient pollution in Sagalassos appears to be limited. There are several reasons for this, with the broad and overlapping isotopic fields of background data being one of the most important factors complicating interpretations.More in general, the results of this thesis show that Cu, K, P, Pb and Zn are locally enriched due to ancient activities, with P being the most reliable indicator of human activity. Inter-site differences are a consequence of changes in bedrock composition and archaeological history. When applied as a standalone technique, problems of superposition and mixing at the site level, and inconsistencies in literature data regarding specific element-functionality relations, prevent the use of geochemical data as interpretational tools on most of the sites investigated in this thesis. It is expected that this conclusion holds for many other sites influenced by a long history of human occupation. However, when combined with other survey techniques, such as geophysical prospection, soil geochemical survey is shown to have much more potential. Because geochemical information is to a certain extent diagnostic for the subsurface features creating geophysical anomalies, geochemical data are highly valuable indistinguishing geogenic and anthropogenic anomalies. This thesis emphasises the value of using an integrated multivariate data analysis approach. In addition, it is demonstrated that taking into account the spatial component of the chemical datasets in the statistical analyses significantly enhances the quality of the data analysis results.

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